Exploring the Botanical Secrets of the Ancient Egyptian Willow Tree
- Amanda Chance
- Jun 5
- 14 min read
Table of Contents
The Osiris myth from ancient Egypt illustrates the deep grief of Isis and Nephthys over Osiris's death, suggesting a connection to the weeping willow, which symbolizes both their sorrow and the tree's medicinal properties that have persisted for millennia.
Introduction
There is a very old story from ancient Egypt, called the Osiris myth, which recounts the brutal death of the god Osiris and the mourning of his wife and sister. The words to this story are etched on walls that are dated to around 2400 BCE in the Pyramid Texts. There is an utterance that says, "Isis comes, Nephthys hastens; the willows of the gods weep for you, Osiris."
When it comes to understanding a plant's properties, I like to investigate its stories and find a deeper understanding of how it lives in its natural habitat. Hearing this story, I imagine two women with significant heartache hurrying along the banks of the Nile to get to the body of their departed which was said to have been thrown into the river. Every breath they take seems to be heavy and they are forced to lean on the trunk of these trees for support when their strength fails. This story suggests that the willows were so overwhelmed by the goddesses' grief that they began to weep. It is in this very ancient story, that we might find the origin of the name, "weeping willow."
The marvel of the plant world lies in its ability to transform potentially harmful elements in its environment into remedies for humans. Even after 4,000 years, we continue to use the inner bark of this tree for pain relief. It's fascinating to think that this gracefully modest tree, which drapes its branches over its trunk, once used those same branches to shelter two goddesses in pain. Today, it offers us a simple yet effective medicine for our own pain
The Historical Context of the Willow Tree in Egypt
Due to the challenges in preserving marshes, which are dynamic environments with seasonal flooding and organic decay, most surviving evidence of the willow tree comes from desiccated tombs and stable sediment cores. Tomb reliefs from the Tomb of Ti at Saqqara depict willows growing in marshy landscapes, often alongside papyrus and waterfowl. A scene from the 5th Dynasty (2494–2345 BC) shows willows in a marsh being harvested for ritual offerings. It is believed that willows were used in rituals associated with Osiris and Isis, who mourned him in the marshes.
Paleontological evidence confirms that willow trees were present in early Egypt. Fossilized willow roots were found in ancient marsh deposits from the late Holocene in Wadi el-Natrun (Natron Lakes), as documented by Germer in "Flora of Ancient Egypt." This indicates that this saline depression once had freshwater springs and marshes, creating pockets where willows could grow. Additionally, sediment cores from Lake Moeris (modern-day Birket Qarun) in the Faiyum Oasis, which existed since Neolithic times, revealed willow pollen and macrofossils.
A predynastic settlement in Hierakonpolis, which existed around 3500 BCE as the Sahara was transforming from a semi-arid savannah into a desert, was found to have pollen and wood fragments of willow in sediment layers. This suggests that willows grew naturally in the marshy areas near the Nile and may have thrived in the Green Sahara. As the Sahara became a desert and wetlands diminished, willow tree artifacts became rarer. However, fragments of willow wood were identified in the Tomb of Tutankhamun by Egyptologist F. Nigel Hepper. Willow leaves and bark were also found in domestic refuse heaps in the workman's village at Deir el-Medina, suggesting their use in medicinal poultices or teas for pain relief.
Palaeographic evidence shows that one of the earliest medical references to the willow comes from the Ebers Papyrus (c. 1550 BCE). The prescription reads: "Remedy for cooling inflammation: [mix] willow leaves (trt), honey, and red ochre. Apply to the swollen limb." This highlights the willow's anti-inflammatory properties. The bark and leaves were used in poultices for swelling and pain relief, and its febrifuge (fever-reducing) properties were also known. The Berlin Papyrus (c. 1350 BCE) includes a remedy stating, "To treat fever: boil willow (trt) in beer, strain, and let the patient drink it."
Physical Characteristics of Salix Safsaf
The ancient Egyptian willow, Salix mucronata (Salix safsaf), possesses distinct physical characteristics that evoke the ancient Egyptian utterances from the Pyramid Texts. Younger trees feature smooth, green-red bark, while older trees display fissured, dark grey or brown bark. In ancient Egypt, Osiris symbolized the green, fertile fields, whereas his brother Set represented the dry, red desert land. The term "desert" originates from the Egyptian word "dshrt," meaning "the red place." According to myth, Set killed Osiris, dismembered his body, and scattered the pieces. Osiris's wife and sister had to find and magically reassemble these fissured pieces. The changing color of the willow's bark symbolizes the struggle between the brothers, red and green, which ultimately led to Osiris's death and dismemberment. Osiris' color then changed to black, symbolizing the fertile Nile River and the underworld, over which he became lord after his magical resurrection by his wife and sister.
Another notable physical characteristic of the willow tree is its distinctively bi-colored leaves. The leaves are glossy and dark green on the top, while the underside is a lighter green. This color difference is often due to variations in chlorophyll levels and the way leaves are exposed to light. The top surfaces of the leaves catch more sunlight, so they contain specialized cells called palisade mesophyll cells. These cells are rich in chlorophyll, which aids in photosynthesis, and are more active during the day. On the underside of the leaf, there are tiny openings called stomata, which are controlled by guard cells. The guard cells open the stomata to allow exchange of carbon dioxide. These cells are more active at night when respiration occurs.
In ancient Egyptian mythology, the twin sisters Isis and Nephthys often appear together, particularly when mourning Osiris's death, supporting him on his throne, or protecting the sarcophagi of the dead, but usually at opposite ends of a scene. Nephthys was associated with the night and darkness, while Isis was linked to the day and light, just like one side of the leaf is associated with functioning in the day and the other in the night.
Functional Characteristics of Salix Safsaf
I believe that we can learn a great deal about a plant by observing its characteristics, its interactions with the environment, and how the environment responds in return. When we observe the willow tree, we see it standing firm at the water's edge. Despite the flowing water hitting the shallow banks below, the large tree appears firmly rooted and settled. Its wide canopy of sun-loving leaves spreads out, shading the water beneath it, creating an ideal spot to sit and catch up on some reading.
As a physician, I often contemplate how the tree, the earth, the sun, and the river all work together to create this supportive environment. The roots of the willow remind me of the renal system, filtering out pollutants and heavy metals from our bodies, much like the willow's roots filter pollutants from the soil. During my journeys, I've discovered that many plants found in marshy waters exhibit this unique renal detoxifying effect.
The shade provided by willow branches can help lower water temperatures during hot summer months. This cooling effect reminds me of salicin, a compound in willow bark that can reduce fever in people. Additionally, the willow's drought tolerance brings to mind its ability to treat pain in dry parts of the body, such as arthritic bones. The willow also thrives in sunny locations, suggesting that willow-derived medicine may work well with Vitamin D or in areas where Vitamin D is crucial, like our bones.
When examining the drawbacks of willow-derived medicine, it's essential to consider its environmental interactions. While willow trees provide beneficial shading, excessive shading can limit sunlight for aquatic plants, disrupting food chains. Similarly, overuse of willow or its derivatives can chronically lower body temperature, affecting homeostasis and potentially leading to serious, life-threatening conditions.
Another adverse effect is the willow's ability to outcompete native vegetation for resources, especially in areas with abundant water, thereby reducing biodiversity. In the human body, willow derivatives can similarly impact the upper gastrointestinal tract, which is crucial for water regulation. The small intestine, particularly the jejunum, is the primary site for water absorption from digested food and beverages. Excessive intake of these derivatives can lead to the development of ulcers along the upper GI tract, including the jejunum.
Medicinal Properties
Willow has a wide range of reported uses, primarily involving its leaves, bark, gum, seeds, and roots. The leaves are particularly effective in addressing issues related to the musculoskeletal system. They are commonly used to alleviate pain associated with osteoarticular conditions such as arthrosis, arthritis, and tendonitis, as well as for sprains and back pain.
Interestingly, willow leaves were discovered in the tomb of Tutankhamun. Archaeological imaging of his mummy revealed that he suffered from several ailments, including bone necrosis, club foot, scoliosis, and a broken leg, all of which could potentially have been treated with willow leaves. A tea made from willow leaves is often used to manage rheumatism and other inflammatory conditions, such as mastitis and painful blisters. Additionally, willow leaves have been employed in dental care, serving as a fumigation treatment for dental pain, even though teeth are not bones, but part of the skeletal system.
The bark of the willow tree is renowned for its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antiseptic properties. Traditionally, it has been powdered and applied to burns or used as a poultice. The powdered bark is also known to help reduce fever, and it is from the salicin found in the bark that we derive modern-day aspirin, or acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). Salicin is converted into salicylic acid in the body, providing therapeutic effects without causing gastric injury. Furthermore, a decoction or infusion of willow bark has been utilized as a hair rinse to prevent hair shedding or thinning, likely due to its anti-inflammatory properties. It has also been used to treat diarrhea, which may have an inflammatory component, similar to the use of 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) compounds in treating ulcerative colitis.
In ancient Egypt, the willow tree was represented by the hieroglyphs 𓍘𓇋𓏏𓂋𓏏𓏭, pronounced "tꜣrt." Some references indicate that in Old Kingdom texts, an alternative set of hieroglyphs, 𓍘𓄿𓏏𓂋𓏏𓏭, featuring the Egyptian vulture or the aleph instead of the reed, was also used. These symbols provide insight into the various properties of the willow tree, particularly its role as a "living" food source. The first symbol represents a pestle, a heavy tool with a rounded end used for crushing and grinding substances like spices or medications, typically within a mortar. The second symbol depicts a reed, commonly found in marshes. Additional symbols include a loaf of bread, a mouth, and another loaf of bread, with the final loaf indicating a feminine ending. Plural strokes in the hieroglyphs denote the word in its plural form, referring to "willows." These hieroglyphs allude to the fact that parts of the willow could be used as a sustaining food source, like bread.
Globally, various species of Salix, have served as vital emergency food sources for birds and other mammals. The leaves of these plants are known to stimulate appetite, while the inner bark can be consumed either raw or prepared like spaghetti. Alternatively, the inner bark can be dried, ground into a powder, and transformed into a bitter-tasting bread. Certain Salix species, such as Salix fragilis, are notable for producing a sweet-tasting substance called manna. According to a narration by Ibnul Mundzir and Ibnu Abi Hatim, as reported by Ibnu Abbas, manna is described as any type of sweet, white food found on rocks, logs, and leaves. In biblical accounts, "manna" refers to the food that fell from heaven, sustaining Moses and his people in the desert. In traditional Iranian medicine, manna from the Salix fragilis tree is referred to as "Bidkhesht" or "willow gum." It is secreted by the willow aphid, Tuberolachnus salignus, which inhabits the leaves and young branches of specific willow species. The aphid's activity results in a secretion that can be collected and consumed, similar to other forms of manna. The composition of this substance includes sucrose, fructose, glucose, water, amino acids, and salicin.
While traditional uses for willow are numerous, it's essential to consult with a healthcare professional before using it, especially for medical conditions.
Energy Medicine Perspectives
An energetic characteristic that stands out is the way that the height and root system of the tree work together to direct massive amounts of energy, specifically,1 billion (10^9) to 5 billion (5 x 10^9) joules of energy. Certain tree species, including willows, can naturally act as lightning rods due to their height and high water content, which allows them to conduct electricity. In some traditions, the willow tree was believed to ward off lightning, a phenomenon often associated with the storm god Set.
This tree can grow up to 15 meters tall, with an open crown and slightly drooping branches (for reference, the average height of a man is about 1.8 meters). Willows, known as phreatophytes, have roots that can absorb large amounts of water and withstand low oxygen levels in the soil. While they cannot prevent lightning strikes, they can help guide the energy safely to the ground away from people and structures. Thus, the willow tree itself seems to offer protection to people against Set and his associated storms by grounding this powerful electrical energy.
In Manetho's "Aegyptiaca," Typhon, the Greek name for Set, is portrayed as a figure of chaos, evil, and destruction. He is specifically depicted as the antagonist of Osiris, frequently linked to the desert and as a natural force that brings devastation to the land. The Greek term "Typhon" (τυφών) refers to a monstrous wind spirit or a giant with a hundred heads and is etymologically connected to "typhus" and "typhoid," both of which describe diseases. The word "typhus" derives from the Greek "typhein," meaning "to smoke" or "to fumigate," which relates to the fever or burning sensation commonly associated with these illnesses.
A decoction of the leaves of Salix aegyptiaca, mixed with honey, is commonly used in Turkey and Iran to alleviate depression and neuropathic pain. In traditional Iranian medicine, Willow Manna is regarded as the coolest type of manna, believed to treat various ailments including fever, chickenpox, different forms of typhoid, and herpes. Notably, herpesviruses are significantly linked to the nervous system, leading to a range of neurological diseases.
In the realm of energy medicine, "grounding energy" refers to the practice of establishing a connection between your body and the Earth's natural electric field. This connection can help stabilize your physiology and enhance overall well-being. Commonly referred to as "earthing" or "grounding," this practice involves direct contact with the Earth, which can be achieved by walking barefoot outdoors or utilizing indoor grounding systems. Evidence suggests that grounding can positively impact various physiological functions, including those of the cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and nervous systems—areas where the willow tree is known to offer remedies.
Research into grounding reveals its potential to reduce inflammation, alleviate pain, and diminish stress, all of which are vital for maintaining good health. Furthermore, grounding may improve sleep quality and increase energy levels, while also supporting the body's natural healing processes and potentially aiding in disease prevention.
Historically, the willow tree has held significant value, particularly in ancient Egypt, where it was believed that willow amulets could harness the tree's sacred power. A spell for protection from the Harris Magical Papyrus (circa 1200 BC) instructs, "Fashion an amulet of willow wood (trt). Carve the name of Isis upon it, and wear it to repel evil." Today, visitors to Egypt might still be able to find willow trees to meditate beneath in locations such as the Beni Suef Governorate and Beba Center, as well as along the canals of the Nile River in El Behara Governorate.
Cultural Symbolism and Spiritual Connections
The Raising of the Willow Festival, also known as the Feast of Wesir (Osiris), was an ancient Egyptian celebration dedicated to Osiris, the deity associated with the afterlife and resurrection. This festival likely featured rituals such as processions with statues of the deceased, aimed at honoring the dead and ensuring the revival of their spirits. Additionally, the festival was tied to the theme of rebirth, mirroring the natural cycles of the Nile and the harvest.
The Feast of Wesir was central to ancient Egyptian beliefs regarding the afterlife. Osiris was revered as the judge of the dead and the god of resurrection, making him a vital figure in funerary rituals and beliefs. This practice reinforced the idea that death was not an end, but rather a transition into another realm. Richard H. Wilkinson, in "Symbol and Magic in Egyptian Art," highlights the significant iconographic symbolism of the willow tree (tcheret). This tree was sacred to Osiris because, according to mythology, it sheltered his body after his death and served as a resting place for his soul, often depicted as a bird. Many towns contained tombs where parts of the dismembered Osiris were believed to be interred, each accompanied by willow groves. An annual festival called “Raising the Willow” was held to ensure the prosperity of the land’s fields and trees.
In Egyptian art, the willow tree symbolized life, fertility, and rebirth, while also serving as an emblem for various deities. The Feast of Wesir is mentioned in several historical contexts, including Abydos in the Cairo Calendar and the Feast of Wesir: Raising the Trt Tree in the Abydos calendar of Ramesses. The dates of these festivals correspond to 3 Peret 28, which aligns closely with the winter solstice in our current calendar. Interestingly, at one point in time, the date of the Feast was nearer to December 25th, a date that has become associated with the raising of the Christmas Tree.
Conclusion
The willow tree, with its remarkable ability to bend without breaking, symbolizes wisdom, resilience, and adaptability. In ancient Egypt, the Osiris myth, which dates back to around 2400 BCE, tells the poignant story of Isis and Nephthys mourning the death of Osiris. This narrative suggests a deep connection to the willow tree, which embodies their sorrow.
The historical significance of the willow is underscored by archaeological findings, including tomb reliefs and pollen evidence, which point to its presence in ancient marshlands. The willow was not only a part of the landscape but also played a role in rituals dedicated to Osiris and Isis.
Particularly noteworthy is the Salix mucronata, known for its medicinal properties. This willow variety has been used since ancient times for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, making it a valuable resource for treating ailments such as pain and fever. Additionally, the willow's connection to energy medicine highlights its ability to resonate with the Earth's energy, further emphasizing its role in protection rituals. The cultural symbolism of the willow is celebrated in festivals like the Raising of the Willow Festival, which honors Osiris and themes of rebirth and the afterlife in ancient Egyptian beliefs.
The willow tree stands as a powerful symbol of healing, connection to nature, and cultural heritage, bridging ancient practices with modern medicinal uses. If you find yourself in Egypt, we invite you to join us for a tour that explores these fascinating connections. Experience the rich history and beauty of the willow tree and much more—sign up today!
About the Author
Amanda Victoria Chance, MD, is an Internal Medicine board-certified physician reviving ancient healing practices. Also certified in Lifestyle Medicine, she bridges millennia-old vibrational wisdom with evidence-based lifestyle interventions-- including nutrition, stress resilience, and non-pharmacological therapies-- to activate whole person care. She co-leads transformative healing journeys in Egypt with her husband-- including resonance-based experiences inspired by Saqqara's legendary "healing hospital," a site documented in Gaia's The Pyramid Code through her husband's grandfather's archival legacy.
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